Gerardo Hospital (Monza, Italy) affected by essential hypertension. The aim of the current longitudinal study was to evaluate the determinants of the PWV progression over a 3.7 years follow-up in hypertensives subjects.įrom September 2006 to October 2008, we enrolled 333 consecutive 18–80 aged outpatients, followed by the Hypertension Unit of St. Furthermore the few studies evaluating PWV progression present some significant differences in final results and population characteristics that need further evaluation. However, these observations were based on short-term pharmacological studies and on cross-sectional observational studies while the role of risk factors on the long-term progression of arterial stiffness has not yet been systematically evaluated. Prior studies suggested that the principal determinants of arterial stiffening process in adulthood are age and BP but also a number of CV risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, tobacco smoking, high heart rate (HR) and inflammation. Among different methods, carotid to femoral PWV (cfPWV) has emerged as the gold standard because of its relative simplicity and reliability and its association with all-cause and CV morbidity and mortality. Arterial stiffness of the large arteries can be investigated trough the development of readily available non invasive assessment techniques. Arterial stiffness, and consequently Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), triggers an increase in the amplitudes of the forward and the backward pressure waves which is a major determinant of increased Systolic BP (SBP) and pulse pressure. PWV changes over time would probably give important information that need further future research studies.Ībnormal large artery function plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular (CV) disease and there is a growing awareness that it participates at the “CV disease continuum”. The independent predictors of ΔPWV were age, baseline PWV, baseline SBP/MBP and ΔSBP/MBP.Ĭonclusions: the accelerated arterial aging in treated hypertensive subjects is in large measure explained by age and BP values. In patients with uncontrolled BP values at follow-up ΔPWV showed a greater increase as compared to patients with controlled BP (1.46 ± 3.67 vs 0.62 ± 2.61 m/s, p < .05). PWV and ΔPWV gradually increased in age decades. Despite an improvement in BP control (from 37 to 60%), at follow-up the population showed a PWV increase (ΔPWV 0.87 ± 3.05 m/s). We performed a PWV follow-up examination with a median time amounting to 3.75 ± 0.53 years. At baseline anamnestic, clinical, BP, laboratory data and cfPWV were assessed. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 333 consecutive hypertensive outpatients 18–80 aged, followed by the Hypertension Unit of St. The aim of the current longitudinal study was to evaluate the determinants of the PWV progression over a 4 years follow-up period in hypertensive subjects. Source: Cat Owner’s Home Veterinary Handbook and (for image (modified)) from The American Animal Hospital Association Enyclopedia of Cat Health and Care.Objective: The role of risk factors on the progression of arterial stiffness has not yet been extensively evaluated. If the pulse is erratic or irregular this indicates arrhythmia (irregular hearbeat). If the pulse is rapid it may indicate: blood loss, anaemia, fever, shock, dehydration, infection, heatstroke, excitation or heart and lung disease.Īlternatively a slow pulse will indicate hypothermia, pressure on the brain, heart disease or the collapse of the cat’s circulation due to an advanced morbid (unhealthy) condition. The pulse should be regular, steady and strong. I’ve never done this but as an adult cat has a normal pulse rate of 140-240 bpm (beats per minute), it may be quite difficult to maintain an accurate count. Alternatively if your cat is passive enough you can count the number of beats in a minute. The pulse rate can be worked out by counting the number of beats every 15 seconds and then multiplying by four. Don’t fight your cat when doing this! You can use both methods with your cat standing or lying semi-belly up. Take the pulse by pressing against the cat’s rib cage. The other place is over your cat’s heart. Feel along the inside of the thigh where the leg and body join. You press with your fingers to locate the pulsation. You feel along the inside of the cat’s thigh. The first is by feeling the femoral artery in the cat’s groin. You can feel a cat’s pulse in two places.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |